When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. These resources follow the seventeenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style 17t h e dition , which was issued in Please note that although these resources reflect the most recent updates in the The Chicago Manual of Style 17 th edition concerning documentation practices, you can review a full list of updates concerning usage, technology, professional practice, etc.
To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart of all CMOS citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart. The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System NB , which is used by those working in literature, history, and the arts. The other documentation style, the Author-Date System, is nearly identical in content but slightly different in form and is preferred by those working in the social sciences.
Though the two systems both convey all of the important information about each source, they differ not only in terms of the way they direct readers to these sources, but also in terms of their formatting e. For examples of how these citation styles work in research papers, consult our sample papers:.
In addition to consulting The Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts. The Chicago Notes and Bibliography NB system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography.
This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides an outlet for commenting on those sources, if needed. In addition, it can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental uncredited use of source material created by others. In the Notes and Bibliography system, you should include a note endnote or footnote each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary.
The APA publishes its own citation style manual for publications, which is updated every several years. For example, a writer might explain that the social media website Facebook was created circa Circa is used to give a rough approximation of when the event occurred when exact dates or times of year are not forthcoming. A publication, person, or other resource that provides accurate, clear, and reliable information about a particular topic, idea, or opinion.
The credibility of a source directly affects the credibility of the writer citing information from that source. If a writer or student cites information from sources that are not credible, their paper risks losing credibility overall. Generally, the most credible and reliable sources are those published in academic peer-reviewed journals. The least credible, most unreliable sources are sources written by people with no background or education in the topic or sources that can be easily edited by almost anyone such as Wikipedia or social media.
Different fields of study have different requirements for what constitutes a credible source, so writers should always consult the OWL, an instructor, or a knowledgeable advisor about the rules for credible sources in her or his area of study. Information that has become so mainstream that is so widely known in the public domain that there is no need for it to be cited.
A citation in a works cited or references page at the end of a document. If a writer uses eight different sources in a paper, they should be cited within the paper wherever the information from those sources is used. Each of the eight sources should also be given an entry in the works cited or references page at the end of the document.
The format and information included in the entry depends on the style manual the writer is using. Extra information usually non-essential citations or extra contextual information that the writer does not include in the main text of the document.
Footnotes and endnotes are usually indicated within the text of the document by small superscripted numbers or letters i. These small numbers correspond to the citation or explanation at the bottom of the page for a footnote or at the end of the document for an endnote.
The space at the top of an electronic document. Most style manuals require the writer to put certain types of information in the header, such as last name and page number. The space between the margin and the text in a document. In many styles, the first line of a paragraph is indented by one tab five spaces. A type of electronic book. Kindle books exist in a different format than other electronic books, however, as, readers can download a free version of a Kindle e-reader application on almost any electronic device in order to read a Kindle book.
An initialism that stands for the Modern Language Association. The Modern Language Association is one of the foremost academic associations in literature, linguistics, and the humanities in western academia, and they publish their own style manual for publications, which is updated every few years.
A book or publication that is published in two or more separate pieces. A publication may have multiple volumes because it has too many pages for just one piece. This is usually the case with encyclopedias. A publication may also have multiple volumes because each piece is published at different times throughout the year.
It is usually the case that academic journals are published multiple times each year. The way pages are assigned to a publication by the editor or publisher. Pagination is especially important for a multi-volume or multi-issue journal. Generally, the editor or publisher assigns pagination either by starting at page 1 for each volume or issue or by continuing the page count throughout many volumes or issues. In the second method, the first page of a second volume of a publication will not be labeled as page one.
For example, if volume one ended with page , then the first page of volume two would be labeled page A paraphrase must differ substantially in vocabulary and word order, but should still retain the content of the original idea. Writers who make a paraphrase should cite the original author to avoid committing an act of plagiarism. Identifying information from a certain source that a writer includes in the body of a text to signal to the reader where a certain argument or piece of information came from.
This information is presented inside a set of parentheses. Different style manuals require different information in a parenthetical citation.
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