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Shock therapy manual pdf This procedure was originally called multiple-monitored electroconvulsive therapy MMECT because its proponents developed the practice of monitoring both the. CVSS is designed to classify and rate individual vulnerabilities. However, it is important to support the needs of the vulnerability analysis community by accommodating situations where multiple vulnerabilities are exploited in the course of a single attack to compromise a host or application.
The scoring of multiple vulnerabilities in this manner is termed Vulnerability Chaining. Note that this is not a formal metric, but is included as guidance for analysts when scoring these kinds of attacks. When scoring a chain of vulnerabilities, it is the responsibility of the analyst to identify which vulnerabilities are combined to form the chained score. The analyst should list the distinct vulnerabilities and their scores, along with the chained score.
For example, this may be communicated within a vulnerability disclosure notice posted on a web page. In addition, the analyst may include other types of related vulnerabilities that could be chained with the vulnerabilities being scored. Specifically, the analyst may list generic types or classes of related vulnerabilities that are often chained together, or provide further descriptions of required preconditions that must exist. For example, one might describe how certain kinds of SQL Injection vulnerabilities are precursors to a cross-site scripting XSS attack, or how a particular kind of buffer overflow would grant local privileges.
Listing the generic types or classes of vulnerabilities provides the minimum information necessary to warn other users, without potentially informing attackers about new exploit opportunities. Alternatively, the analyst may identify in the form of a machine readable and parsable list of vulnerabilities as CVE IDs or CWEs , a complete list of specific related vulnerabilities that are known to be or are very likely to be chained to one or more of the chained vulnerabilities being scored in order to exploit an IT system.
In the event that a vulnerability can be exploited only after other preconditions are met such as first exploiting another vulnerability , it is acceptable to combine two or more CVSS scores to describe the chain of vulnerabilities by scoring for the least-restrictive Exploitability sub-score metrics and scoring for the most-impactful Impact sub-score metrics.
The following example uses the Exploitability, Scope, and Impact sub-scores to describe the chain. It requires a local, low-privileged user in order to exploit. It provides an unprivileged, remote attacker the ability to execute code on a system with Low impacts if a local user interacts to complete the attack. When a vulnerability in a component governed by one security authority is able to affect resources governed by another security authority, a Scope change has occurred.
This typically happens either when the vulnerable component and impacted component are part of different systems physical or logical governed by different security authorities; or when an artificial boundary has been made to logically separate vulnerable and impacted components for security reasons e.
When a security boundary mechanism separating components is circumvented due to a vulnerability and this causes a security impact outside of the security scope of the vulnerable component, a Scope change has occurred. In this case, the vulnerability usually resides in the component that implements or controls the security boundary since the vulnerability restricted to the component alone would not cause an impact outside of its scope, assuming the security boundary works as expected.
In this example, there are two separate security authorities: one that defines and enforces access control for the virtual machine and its users, and another that defines and enforces access control for the host system within which the virtual machine runs. A violation of a security boundary between microprocessor privilege levels should be considered when scoring vulnerabilities using CVSS.
A vulnerability that allows a program running in a lower privilege level to break out and run arbitrary code in a higher privilege level should be considered a Scope change.
The security boundary between secure enclaves integrated in microprocessors and the rest of operating system processes, including the operating system kernel itself, should be considered when scoring vulnerabilities using CVSS. A vulnerability that allows other processes to impact the confidentiality, integrity or availability of data or code in a secure enclave should be considered a Scope change. A Scope change occurs when a vulnerability in a web application impacts user clients, e.
Common vulnerabilities of this type include cross-site scripting and URL redirection. In a distributed environment, a vulnerability in a component providing connectivity, protection, or authentication services to components in a different security authority should be scored as a Scope change if a successful attack impacts these other components.
For example, a vulnerability in a component such as a router, firewall, or authentication manager that affects the primary availability of one or more downstream components should be scored as a Scope change. However, if a successful attack either does not affect at all, or causes only negligible impact to components in a different security authority, the vulnerability should be scored as Scope unchanged.
For example, a vulnerability in a component designed to be deployed as part of a larger fault-tolerant topology should not be scored with a changed Scope if the fault-tolerance means a successful attack does not affect components in different security authorities. Any effect on additional services provided by the vulnerable component is considered a secondary impact and not a scope change.
A vulnerability in a simple Portable Document Format PDF reader that allows an attacker to compromise other files on the same operating system when a victim opens a malicious PDF document is scored as Scope unchanged. This assumes the PDF reader does not have any authorization functionality that would be considered a separate security authority from the underlying operating system. A SQL injection vulnerability in a web application is not usually considered a Scope change assuming the credentials are shared between web application and impacted SQL database, and therefore they are part of the same security scope.
A vulnerability that crashes a web server or SSH server is not considered a Scope change since the impact is limited only to the service provided by the affected server. The impact on users is secondary and is not considered a Scope change as users are not considered components. A vulnerability that permits an attacker to exhaust a shared system resource, such as filling up a file system, should not be considered a Scope change as the attacker is still acting under the usual capabilities of the application and not breaching any security boundary.
By exploiting a vulnerability in an application that allows users restricted access to resources shared with other components across multiple security scopes e. Since there is already a valid path across the trust boundary, there is no Scope change. A vulnerability in an application that implements its own security authority which allows attackers to affect resources outside its security scope is scored as a Scope change. This assumes the application provides no features for users to access resources governed by a higher-level security authority shared with other components across multiple security scopes e.
A vulnerability in this application allowing a malicious user to access operating system files unrelated to this application is considered a Scope change. When scoring the impact of a vulnerability in a library, independent of any adopting program or implementation, the analyst will often be unable to take into account the ways in which the library might be used.
While specific products using the library should generate CVSS scores specific to how they use the library, scoring the library itself requires assumptions to be made. The analyst should score for the reasonable worst-case implementation scenario. When possible, the CVSS information should detail these assumptions. For example, a library that performs image conversion would reasonably be used by programs that accept images from untrusted sources over a network. In the reasonable worst-case, it would pass them to the library without checking the validity of the images.
As such, an analyst scoring a vulnerability in the library that relates to the incoming data should assume an Attack Vector AV of Network N , but explain this assumption in the summary of the vulnerability. If the library might run with normal privileges, having lower impact on the embedding implementation, or with high privileges, increasing the impacts, the analyst should assume high privileges while scoring the vulnerability in the library.
When scoring a vulnerability in a given implementation using the impacted library, the score must be re-calculated for that specific implementation. For example, if an implementation embeds the vulnerable library mentioned in the previous example, but only operates on local files, the Attack Vector AV would be Local L. If the implementation that embeds this library does not invoke any of the faulty functions or does not support the mode that triggers that vulnerability, it would have no interface or attack vector to exploit the vulnerability.
Thus, that vulnerability in the embedded library would have no impact on that implementation, resulting in a score for the given implementation of 0. For example, a hypothetical vulnerability is applicable to multiple operating systems produced by the same vendor. However, a newer operating system has new inherent protection capabilities that change the Attack Complexity to High H.
This variance ultimately leads to different Base Scores for the same vulnerability on the two operating systems. In situations where multiple Base Scores are applicable but only a single score is provided, the highest Base Score must be utilized.
Opportunities exist to leverage the core foundation of CVSS for additional scoring efforts. The following guidelines define a standard method of extending CVSS to include additional metrics and metric groups while retaining the official Base, Temporal, and Environmental Metrics. If a change to an existing item is desired, create a new metric group with a new name and work on it as desired. New metrics must not be added to existing metric groups, but must be added to new metric groups.
New metric groups can be based on existing metric groups. New metrics can be based on sub-formulas in the standard, such as the Exploitability sub-score, but these could change, be removed or be replaced in future revisions of the standard, and so absolute values should not be relied upon. New metric groups can optionally have a score.
If they do, the score must be between 0. The list of validated extensions will be listed on the first. When scoring Attack Vector, use Adjacent or Network as appropriate , when a network connection is required for an attack to succeed, even if the attack is not launched over a network.
The unit will automatically turn off in 3 minutes approx … 3. Fast oral and rectal temperature measurement in around 10 seconds with proper use. Memory displays for the last temperature taken. Very sensitive unit, best for quick oral or rectal measurement. Easy to read dig … 1. CVS KD 1 This device may not cause harmful interference, and 2 this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
This product has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation.
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